Bipeadleism

Muscular system involved in Bipeadleism

Foot muscles:  Inferior extensor retinaculm, Extensor digitorum brevis, Extensor hallucis brevis, Adductor hallucis, Flex. hallucis brevis, Interosseus, flex. digiti minimi brevis, Opponens digiti minimi, Quadratus plantae, Abductor hallucis, Abd. digiti minimi, Lumbricals, Flex. digitorum brevis, Planter aponeurosis.  

Posterior leg mussels:  Tibialis posterior, Flexor digitorum longus, Flexor hallucis longus, Popliteus, Plantaris, Soleus, Gastrocnemius 

Lateral leg mussels:   Peroneus longus, Peroneus brevis 

Anterior leg mussels: Tibialis anterior, Extensor digitorum longus, Extensor hallucis longus, Peroneus tertius

Anterior thigh mussels:  Sartorius, Quadriceps femoris, Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus  intermedius, Vastus medialis

Medeial thigh mussels:  Pectineus, Adductor brevis, Adductor longus, Adductor magnus, Gracilis

Posterior thigh mussels:  Semimembranosus, Semitendinosus, Biceps femoris 

Gluteal region mussels:  Gluteus maxaimus, Gluteus mediums, Gluteus minimums, Tensor fasciae latae, Piriforumis, Obturator internus, Obturator externus, Quadratus femoris, Gemellus superior gemellus inferior 

Torso mussels:  Inferior, Erector spinae 


Skeletal system involved in Bipeadleism 

-The two hip bones, sacrum and coccyx,form weight being arch with the sacrum directing the body weight to the thigh bones while giving consideration to the line of gravity which passes in front of the sacroiliac and behind the hip joints without a bend

-Femur is the longest bone in the body and is curved directly obliquely inward such that the feet are directly under the weight of the body

-Tibia transmits the body weight to the ankle joint directly

-Tarsal bones and short phalanges are mobile weight bearing structures, architecture of the bones and reinforcement of ligaments/muscle influence form arches, longitudinal and transverse. This absorbs shock and balances the body

-Longitudinal arch transmits the force of body weight to the ground when standing and to the great toe in locomotion

-Knee joint is one of the two most complicated joints in the body, for it must bear the entire body weight in balance and provide freedom of movement in locomotion.

QUARIPEDAL VS BIPEDAL MOVEMENT

• Quadripedal locomotion is faster but requires more energy. 
• Bipedalist movement evolved at least 4 million years ago. 
• Bipedalism is a characteristic of humans that is thought to be one of the traits that evolved very early in the human lineage. Compared to quaripedal organisms, in bipeds the pelvis is more bowl-shaped, the upper legs are angled inward from the hip joints, the foot is shorter with more rigid toes (to help push off), the spine is shortened and S-shaped (for rigidity and balance).All of these skeletal adjustments are part of the evolutionary modifications that gradually evolved in our ancient ancestors as they became increasingly upright in stature and diverged from their quadruped ancestors. 

The Comparison Between Human and Chimps

• DNA-humans and chimps share 85 to 95% of the same genes. Chimpanzees have 48 chromosomes, two more than humans. It is thought that this is because in a human ancestor, two pairs of chromosomes fused into a single pair
• Brain Size- The brain of a chimpanzee has a volume of 370mL on average. In contrast, humans have a brain size of 1350mL on average.
• Sociability- Chimpanzees have about 50 close friends and acquaintances, whereas humans have between 150 and 200.Chimpanzees strengthen friendships by spending extensive time grooming each other. Humans spend a comparable time socializing, albeit more through talking than grooming.
• Walking Upright- Both humans and chimps can walk bipedally.Chimpanzees will often do this to see further ahead, but prefer to move on all fours. Humans walk upright since infancy and have evolved bowl-shaped pelvises to support their internal organs while doing so. Chimpanzees, leaning forward during movement, do not need to support their organs with their pelvis and so have broader hips. This makes childbirth much easier for chimpanzees than for humans, whose bowl-shaped pelvis is in opposition to a large birth canal. Human feet are straight with toes at the front to help push directly ahead when walking, whereas chimpanzee feet have opposable big toes and are more like strong hands than feet.
• Tool Use- Although humans used to be thought of as the only species to be able to use tools, both humans and chimpanzees are able to modify their environment to forge tools to help with daily challenges. Chimpanzees will make spears, use stones as hammers and anvils, and mash leaves into a pulp to use as makeshift sponges. It is thought that as a result of walking upright, our front limbs were much freer to use tools, and we have refined tool use to an art.

My resultes for walking and running on the track 

Walking

• Frequency:  166 steps/ 1:23
• Length:  166 steps/ 100 meeters 
• Rate:  100 meeters/ 1:23

Running

• Frequency:  76 steps/ 22:08 secconds 
• Lenght:  76 steps/ 100 meeters
• Rate:  100 meeters/ 22:08 seconds